Academic Decathlon 2018 - 2019

                51 - 54 1959  - Ornette Coleman  perform in NYC quartet: alto sax, trumpet, bass, drums no chordal/harmonic instrument make music function in linear, horizontal fashion did not intend for music to accompany dancing The Shape of Jazz to Come  - Lonely Woman , bass moves at one speed, cymbals at another,  sax and trumpet different tempos indeterminacy of composers like John Cage 1960  - put together 2 piano-less quartets bassists: Charlie Haden, Scott LaFaro trumpets: freddie Hubbard, Dan Cherry drummers: Ed Blackwell, Billy Higgins woodwind: Eric Dolphy 38  minute improv known as Free Jazz classical musicians like Leonard Bernstein, Gunther Schuller  support Schuller serve as an advisor for the project jazz pianist John Lewis  called it the only new thing to happen in jazz since innovations in mid 40s of Dizzy Gilespie, Charlie Parker, Thelonius Monk Gile...

                49 - 51 Bobby Darin 's version of Mack the Knife  ( Kurt Weill 's 1928 Threepenny Opera ) held no.1 spot on Billboard's Hot 100  for 10 weeks  in 1959 Ella Fitzgerald 's 1960  recording continuation of style that made her famous since discovery at Apollo Theatre  in 1934 John Coltrane  known as a sideman  (plays alongside better known leader) before 1959  - Giant Steps explore technical limits of bebop , expand harmonic language to incorporate more complex chord changes (series of chords repeated for each verse) 16  measure melody (2x), longer note (2/3x per measure), non stop flurry of notes (8 per measure) CD of original album contain additional take with  different improvisation 1959  - Dave Brubeck Quartet - Time Out , include meter changes in practically every measure, irregular combinations Blue Rondo a la Turk  - 9/8 divided into 2+2+2+3 o...

                44 - 48 Krysztof Penderecki  (b. 1933 ) - 26  when he complete composition original title 8'37" refer to victims of atomic bomb dropped on  Japan by US at end of WWII threnody  - song of lamentation for the dead, connotation of wailing did not use traditional pitch notation bend pitches up or down to notes in between only general idea of speed of oscillation is given tremolo  - italian word, same root as "tremble" developed series of graphic symbols to depict sounds use timeline, place symbols linearly 70  sections, 4-30  seconds each section was different, no repetitive form more dissonant than tone clusters developed by  Henry Cowell 52  parts: 24  violins, 10  violas, 10  cellos, 8  basses each player has individual part violins only divided into 4 parts in beginning techniques not common in early 1960s, other composers adop...

                    23 defining characteristic of modern economy is  technological progress allow supplier to produce more at lower costs Bovine Growth Hormone  - allows dairy farmers to increase milk production by 10-15% externalities  - subtler effects not immediately  obviously from market analysis supply curve shifts to right new equilibrium - lower price, higher quantity total surplus increase consumer unambiguously better, ambiguous effect on producer at lower price, consumers purchase more increase in sales increase producer surplus, but lower price reduces surplus on quantity previously sold public effort to reduce smoking shift demand curve to left equilibrium - price and quantity both decrease

                14 - 23 only one combo of price and quantity where market will settle no participant has reason to change their behavior where market supply and demand curves intersect automatic tendency to gravitate towards this point price higher than equilibrium - excess supply price below then equilibrium - excess demand competitive markets  gravitates towards equilibrium extremely effective method of allocating resources inform potential demanders about opportunity cost maximize benefits buyers and sellers receive height of demand curve reveal willingness to pay of the marginal buyer consumer surplus  - surplus value consumers receive area below demand curve and above market price producer surplus  -  market price exceed opportunity cost total surplus  - combine consumer and producer surplus satisfies Pareto efficiency  if total surplus maxim...

                34 - 37 interference patterns can be created using more than 2 slits diffraction grating  use large number (1000+ per cm)  of equally spaced, parallel slits spread light into spectrum of colours due to interference compared to double slit, more spread out, dark fringes broader because greater number of slits = more opportunities for destructive interference ex: etching find lines on glass using diamond point, space between scratches act as slits CD  - contain equally spaced grooves, 1 micrometer or 1 millionth of a meter apart separate different wavelengths of light towards eye because surface is reflective, can be viewed by looking diffraction effects in nature: striated muscle tissue, crystals, bacterial layers, useful to scientists in determining  dimensions and structure ╓═══════☆═════ ══╖       Thin Film Interference ╙═══════☆═══════╜ Sir Issac Ne...

                71 - 75 ╓═══════☆═════ ══╖             Life and Work ╙═══════☆═══════╜ prominent black activist and artists who come of age in 1960s experience dramatic social and intellectual rebirths while serving time in prison The Autobiography of Malcolm X , much of youth as small criminal, become orator and civil rights leader Eldridge Cleaver  - Soul on Ice , series of essays, trace development of criminal into leader of Black Power Movement George Jackson  - Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jakcosn , 18 yr old petty criminal, incarcerated for life, reinvents himself as revolutionary prison connect them with revolutionaries, intellectuals, spiritual leaders Eldridge Knight  ( 1931-91 ), emphasis on personal emphasis 1960-68  - in Indiana prison dropped out of school at 16, joined army, served in Korean  War a...