ᴊᴀᴢᴢ

                49 - 51

Bobby Darin's version of Mack the Knife (Kurt
Weill's 1928 Threepenny Opera) held no.1 spot on
Billboard's Hot 100 for 10 weeks in 1959

Ella Fitzgerald's 1960 recording continuation of style
that made her famous since discovery at Apollo
Theatre in 1934

John Coltrane known as a sideman (plays alongside
better known leader) before 1959 - Giant Steps

explore technical limits of bebop, expand harmonic
language to incorporate more complex chord changes
(series of chords repeated for each verse)

16 measure melody (2x), longer note (2/3x per measure),
non stop flurry of notes (8 per measure)

CD of original album contain additional take with 
different improvisation

1959 - Dave Brubeck Quartet - Time Out, include meter
changes in practically every measure, irregular combinations

Blue Rondo a la Turk - 9/8 divided into 2+2+2+3 or 3+3+3

Take Five - composed by saxophonist of group, Paul
Desmond, each measure 5 beats long, pun on "take five"
to "take a break," slang for "taking a solo break"

1959 - Miles Davis' Kind of Blue, include Coltrane as 
sideman on tenor sax

emphasis on modal jazz - instead of selecting series of 
chords, scale like rising series of notes provide note choices

Dorian mode - basis for So What (1st piece on album)

same interval as natural minor, except whole step between
5-6, 6-7 is minor second

in outdated traditional 32 bar AABA format

A section in dorian mode, b sections transposed up a
half step

Giant Steps - require absolute technical mastery
So What - require inventiveness and creativity

1959 - Miles Davis and Gil Evans release Sketches of Spain

first example of Third Stream music - combine jazz improv,
embellishments, harmonies, with classical materials and
orchestration

classical composer Gunther Schuller an enthusiastic proponent

idea of concept album

normal medium for jazz and pop at the time - 45 rpm record/
single - shorter selections of 4/5 minutes max

Charles Mingus (considered one of most important composers
in jazz along with Thelonius Monk, Duke Ellington)

1959 - Fables of Faubus address civil rights and segregation

Orval Faubus - infamous governor of Arkansas

recording company did not permit vocals because text
considered too inflammatory, released in 1960 through 
a different company

David Brubeck - test boundaries of rhythm

Miles Davis - challenge notion of restriction by series of chords

John Coltrane - test technical limits of jazz

Charles Mingus - challenged way jazz was created