ᴄᴀᴍᴇʟᴏᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴋᴇɴɴᴇᴅʏ

                86 - 88

December 1960 - Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe
capitalize on success of My Fair Lady (1956), new
musical Camelot

Lerner (lyricist), Kennedy's classmate at Harvard

1950s - TV owner rate increase from <10% - >90%

dichotomy between music traditionalists  and iconoclasts-
those who break from tradition

Golden Age of Broadway musical - Richard Rodgers,
Oscar Hammerstein pinnacle for 20 years

The Sound of Music - November 1959, won 1960 Tony
for Best Musical

Oscar Hammerstein die following August from stomach cancer

Camelot signal of end of Golden Age, Frederick Lower's
last show before retirement from writing for musical theatre

Charles Strouse (known for Annie), collaborate with lee
Adams in 1960 for Bye, Bye, Birdie

not as complex as Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story (1957)

main character (Conrad Birdie) inducted into military

teens were main subject and target, used electric guitar

Igor Stravinsky - Rite of Spring (1913) break mold

test boundaries: Richard Strauss, Arnold Schoenberg,
Anton Webern

Cage - Imaginary Landscape No.4 (1951)

aleatoric music ( alea - dice in latin) - music of chance

4'33", pianist David Tudor

experiment with magnetic tape: Edgard Varese, Luciano Berio,
Karlheinz Stockhausen, Cage

musique concrete - manipulation of recordings of sounds

avant-garde - forward looking

Benjamin Britten, English, written for traditional musical forces

1960 opera Midsummer Night's Dream

Leonard Bernstein - principal conductor of NY Philharmonic

played Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler (his favorite)

1970s - Mass (in memory of JFK)

Young People's Concerts - 1958-1960s, broadcast on TV

musical pioneers, Cage, Stockhausen, Pierre Boulez, 
Krzysztof Penderecki

more about concepts than results

Cage - Aria (1958) - no traditional musical notation, text 
fragments, phonemes in 5 different languages, shapes, colours

20 pages, 30 seconds each

1960 - mix Aria with Fontana Mix (1959) , electronic tape
composition, graphic notation, human voice, aleatoric

Karlheinz Stockhausen - Kontakte (1959)

beginning of 60s, tonal music was anathema (avoided)

Aaron Copland and Stravinsky use serial techniques

1950s - Pierre Boulez become serial composer, Pli Selon Pli,
contained sections that could be reordered each performance

various sections of ensemble move at different speeds

used Schoenbergian serial techniques, serializing dynamics
and rhythms, as french composer Olivier Messiaen did in 1940s

integrated 2 opposing factions

Poland in 1960 - devastation of WWII, Soviet repression during
Cold War

Kryzysztof Penderecki - Threnody for Victims of Hiroshima