ᴛɪᴍᴇ sɪɢɴᴀᴛᴜʀᴇ & ʜᴀʀᴍᴏɴʏ

 

                19 - 23

╓═══════☆═══════╖

          Time Signature

╙═══════☆═══════╜

time signature -  2 numbers, lower number is durational

value, top is how many in a measure

common time - "C" 4/4

cut time "C" with slash, 2/2, original name is alla breve

simple - each beat divided in half (1 te 2 te)

compound - each beat divided into thirds (1 la li 2 la li)

swing - notated in 4/4, play as if in 12/8

Sam Cooke - A Change is Gonna Come

tension caused by overlapping simple meter horn with

compound subdivision of beat

3rd verse ("I go to the movie") - repeated brass notes help

emphasize compound division of the beat

mixed meter - different meters occur in rapid succession

irregular meter - different meters alternate in an irregular

pattern, steady beat but group inconsistently

7 beats - 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 or 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

accent - note receives more stress

polymeter - 2+ meters simultaneously, downbeats aligned

syncopation - accented notes on weak beats

Aquarius "stars, "dawning" "Aquarius"

prized rhythmic component in ragtime and jazz

The Beatles - When I'm 64

Louis Armstrong - Hello, Dolly!

polyrhythm/crossrhythm - 2 conflicting rhythmic patterns

present simultaneously

2 against 3 or 3 against 4, meter does not change

common in jazz

John Coltrane - My Favorite Things

rhythm - collection of varying durations, always audible

beat - underlying pulse, not always audible

meter - patterns of strong and weak beats

╓═══════☆═══════╖

              Harmony

╙═══════☆═══════╜

harmony - occurs when 2+ tones sound simultaneously

common practice tonality/harmony - system of organizing

pitch and harmony in Western cultures

developed in Europe in  Middle Ages, codified in 1750

traditions changed dramatically, conventions still govern

chord - 3+ pitches sound simultaneously

triad - 3 note chord

major triad - (M) M m

minor triad - (m) m M

diminished triad - (d) mm

augmented triad - (A) MM

root - lowest, third, fifth - highest

root position - root on bottom

inversion

first inversion - 3 on bottom, 6 or 6 3

second inversion - 5 on bottom, 6 4

any triad may be inverted