ᴀ ɴᴇᴡ ᴀᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘɪɴɢ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ

                21 - 23

first world - capitalist democracies
second world - communist regimes allied with USSR
third world - developing

Kennedy more focused on Peace Corps than civil rights

met with more African leaders than members of African
American community

╓═══════☆═══════╖

            Peace Corps

╙═══════☆═══════╜

The Ugly American (1958) - William Lederer, Eugene

Burdick, US spies collab with European colonial powers

not for sake of liberation, but commercial interest

young American volunteers with mission of aiding and

assisting economic development overseas

1963 - 6646, $59 mil

1966 - 15,556, $107 mil

2015 - 5754

difficult to achieve economic improvements, improve

US's image, returned with appreciation of other cultures

╓═══════☆═══════╖

     Kennedy and African
  Post-Colonial Movement

╙═══════☆═══════╜

between June 1960 - November 1960, 12  new nations gain

independence

September 1960 - United Nations in New York welcome

17 new African delegations

Kennedy sought to court new nations as allies in world divided

between Eastern communist and Western free world

shared desire to improve lives of long oppressed continent

economic aid and improved education would strengthen ties

to US 

African Americans warm to JFK because of his support for

black nationalism

Kennedy recognized benefits African American support would 

have for his foreign policy in Africa

oppression of black Americans, African diaspora

╓═══════☆═══════╖

           Kennedy and
           Latin America

╙═══════☆═══════╜

econ agreement between US and Central/South America in

Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso)

promote industrialization

diversify Latin American exports

improve desperate living conditions

strengthen democratic governments

key tool was American loans for industrial production

delivered mostly disappointing results

promotion of modernization without regard to social or political

conditions provoked opposition and protest

US insistence on restructuring state owned Mining Company

of Bolivia, firing of 5000 miners

turned Bolivian president Victor Paz Estenssoro authoritarian

nourished "ugly American" stereotype

╓═══════☆═══════╖

        Flexible Response

   and Counterinsurgency

╙═══════☆═══════╜

strategic challenges cannot be forced into line with threat

of massive retaliation

1954 - Laos freed from colonial rule, chafing under threat

of overbearing Communist guerilla force

domino theory- one country fall to communism, surrounding 

countries would soon fall

CIA arm 9000 members of Hmong ethnic group to fight

against North Vietnamese incursions

shaky peace to Laotian civil war at conference in Geneva,

Switzerland, 1962

Secretary of Defense - Robert McNamara

increase spending on conventional military force, significantly

strengthen Special Forces/Green Berets

useful for counterinsurgency operations

depart from Eisenhower's policy of relying on massive 

retaliation

defenses characterized by "flexible response"

military could respond to various crises, not just events that 

could justify nuclear response

╓═══════☆═══════╖

           Kennedy and
              Indochina

╙═══════☆═══════╜

1954 - Ho Chi Minh led Vietnam, defeat French

temporarily divided into North and South at Geneva Conference

of 1954

1956 - national election to reunify country supposed to happen

North - Ho Chi Minh

South - pro French, embrace American aid

South Vietnamese dictator Ngo Dinh Diem in danger of being

toppled, assassinated

May 1961 - 700 military advisors

November 1963 - 16000 military advisors

adviser Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.: troops lead to demand for

more troops

Kennedy died on my birthday in 1963