ᴋᴇɴɴᴇᴅʏ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏʟᴅ ᴡᴀʀ

                18 - 19

forced to react to, not direct, events

deepening divisions between East and West Germany,
Africa, Latin America

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          Racing Soviets 
               to Space

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convinced Sputnik caused US irreparable harm

April 1961 - first manned space flight by Yuri Gagarin

May 1961 - called for multi bil dollar investment in landing
man on moon

promise significant returns for computer guidance and
propulsion tech in national defense

Robert Noyce, Fairchild Semiconductor - develop small
silicone integrated circuit for guided missile systems, reach
new milestones on behalf of NASA's Apollo mission

9 years, $24bil later, 2 astronauts walk on moon in July 1969

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          The Berlin Wall

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June 1961 - met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in

Vienna, Austria

German capital divided into different sectors after WWII

West Germany/West Berlin: new constitutional democracy

East Germany/ East Berlin: socialist regime under Soviets

east germans fled to west, Khrushchev threaten to cut off

traffic to West Berlin, isolate it from West Europe

Kennedy mobilize reserves, ask for additional defense

spending from Congress, hint nuclear strike

8/13/1961 - Berlin Wall stand for 28 years

Kennedy visit 2 years later, Ich bin ein Berliner

order increases in American intercontinental ballistic missile
forces, add 5 new army divisions, increase air power, reserves

Soviets resume nuclear testing, Kennedy reactivate American
tests in early 1962

Marshall Plan of 1948 stimulate econ recovery and formation
of European Economic Community, predecessor of EU

1962 - significant cut int tariffs simulate trade

bring "globalization" into use

France - president Charles de Gaulle worry about loss of
status for nation, veto Britain from joining EEC, 

France develop own nuclear weapons, atmospheric tests in
colony of Algeria

avoid dependence on US