sᴏᴜɴᴅs ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴜsɪᴄ

7 - 11

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             Definitions

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music is sound organized in time

includes noises and tones, especially in modern era

all that is required is time frame, sound waves, cognizant mind
to interpret those sounds

common: composer, human/mechanical performers, means
of recording and reproducing them

improvisation: composition & performance are simultaneous

many cultures have different views of music

music interconnected with  ritual, language, dance, life

globalization blur boundaries between Western & non Western

sound is a wave of energy, has both amplitude and frequency

amplitude affects decibel level, how loud or soft a tone is

higher amplitude, louder sound.

frequency affects pitch

human ears hear sustained tone between 20 - 20,000 Hz

orchestral musicians in US tune to A = 440

ethnomusicologists: study music of other cultures

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel categorize four groups
 of instruments

chordophones: violin, harps, guitars

aerophones: brass and woodwind

membranophones: drums

idiophones: bells, woodblock, xylophones

later added electrophones: synth

before Sachs and Hornbostel, there were 5 families

Strings, Brass, Woodwind, Percussion, Keyoard

first electronic instrument: theremin, player regulates frequency
with one hand and amplitude with the other by disturbing electrical
fields that surround protruding bars

next important step in electronics came at the end of WWII, due to 

many advances in electronics and radio technology

musique concrete: live instruments recorded on tape, edited,

manipulated, mechanically combined to form collages

first practitioners based in Paris

Rome, Paris, Cologne, New York City all had famous post war

centers for electronic music

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                  Pitch

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single isolated musical sound has 4 properties: pitch, duration,
volume, timbre

pitch: high or lowness of a sound

octave: distance between A and next higher A

keyboard notes go low to high from left to right

Middle C: in middle of piano

half step = semitone

whole step: every other key

intervals: half steps and whole steps, make a scale (sequence
of pitches in ascending or descending order)

natural keys = white

staff: five lines

clef: assigns letters to staff

treble (G), bass (F), C clef (tenor, alto)